2023年11月5日 星期日

HV LINK BOXES & BONDING LEADS高壓纜線接地線接線盒

 https://www.powerandcables.com/132kv-link-boxes/

132KV LINK BOXES & BONDING LEADS FOR HIGH VOLTAGE HV CABLE SYSTEMS

PUBLISHED 20 JUN 2018

Link Boxe

Link Boxes For High Voltage Cable Systems | HV EHV 132kV | Transmission & Distribution

  • uploaded by Chris Dodds - Thorne & Derrick Sales & Marketing Manager

HV LINK BOXES & BONDING LEADS

What Are Link Boxes?

Link boxes are installed on medium/high voltage power systems in conjunction with MV HV Cable Joints & Terminations incorporating a sheath break to prevent sheath circulating currents and limit induced voltage in the cable screen using bonded systems up to 132kV.

Underground cable bonding systems utilising 132kV XLPE insulated HV power cables are designed to provide cable sheath bonding to eliminate or reduce the circulating sheath currents and limit standing induced cable sheath voltages for safety reasons.

In an internal fault condition or short circuit of the high voltage power system the electricity current flows directly and safely to earth via the link box.

High voltage link boxes manufactured from corrosion resistant stainless steel (AISI 304L) are installed in association with cable joints to provide bonding of the HV cable circuit and at both circuit ends of the cable connected to the cable terminations – this product range complements our line of 132kV surge arresters with UK DNO and National Grid Approval.

LINK BOX TYPES

The standard ranges of single or 3 phase high voltage link boxes:

  • Wall / Gantry / Structure Type IP66 – 3 Phase & Single Phase, Single Bonding Link Box  (Cable Termination & Joint Location)
  • Partial Discharge (PD) Type IP68 – 3 Phase Cross Bonding Link Box With SVL  (Cable Joint Location)
  • Pedestal Type IP66 – 3 Phase Earthing or Cross Bonding Link Box With SVL (Cable Termination & Joint Location)
  • Underground Type IP68 – 3 Phase Cross Bonding & Single Bonding Link Box With SVL (Cable Termination & Joint Location)
  • Underground Wall Type IP68 – 3 Phase & Single Phase Earthing Link Box With SVL (Cable Termination Location)

The link box is installed with cable joints and terminations to provide shield break accessibility for HV test purposes and to limit voltage build-up on the cable sheath – overvoltages on the sheath can be caused by fault currents, switching operations and lightning effects.

Link Boxes

Multiple configurations are available – call to discuss your link box requirements up to 132kV

132KV

Single Phase & Three Phase Earthing Link Boxes

Thorne & Derrick can supply a complete range of 132kV Link Boxes in accordance with the Energy Networks Association (ENA) Engineering Recommendation C55/4 – ENA is responsible for maintaining the industry developed and published Technical Specifications (TS), Engineering Recommendations (ER) and Engineering Technical Reports (ETR).

ENA is the voice of the networks, representing the ‘wires and pipes’ transmission and distribution network operators for gas and electricity in the UK and Ireland.

The range of single phase and 3 phase High Voltage Link Boxes manufactured by EMELEC are ingress protected to IP66 or IP68 and suitable for indoor/outdoor wall mounting or underground direct burial – the internal connections/links are easily accessed and removed permitting disconnection of the individual sheaths for cable sheath fault testing.

Sheath testing is mandatory to ensure cable sheath integrity has not been compromised by cracks, cuts or snags during the cable pulling and laying installation.

A full set of Type Tests have been completed by the IPH Laboratory in Berlin including:

  • Internal Power Arc 40kA/0.1 second
  • Short Circuit 50kA/1.0 second
  • Lightning Impulse 40(60)kVp
  • DC Withstand 25kV/5 minute
132kV Cables

Typical 132kV Cable Construction – IEC 60840

Link Box Routine Testing

All high voltage link boxes are factory tested before shipment to customer – applied tests include visual and dimensional inspection followed by electrical tests such as AC/DC Withstand Test, Insulation Resistance Measurement Test and Contact Resistance Measurement Test.

Link boxes are available with screen bonding options including:

  • Cross Bonding With SVL (Sheath Voltage Limiters)
  • Direct Earthing Without SVL
  • Earthing With SVL
  • Single Point Bonding With SVL

Surge Arresters & Sheath Voltage Limiters

Thorne & Derrick can also supply Sheath Voltage Limiters to suit the HV cable system bonding arrangement as well as Normal Bonding Leads, Concentric Bonding Leads and High Voltage Earthing Kits for connection between the link box and the cable accessory.

SVL’s are protective devices to limit induced voltages on the bonded cable system installation due to short circuits – SVL’s are installed between the metallic screen and ground inside the link box.

The screen seperation of the power cable joints would be protected against potential damage inflicted by short circuit/break down. SVL rated voltages can be produced in accordance with client specification and the bonding system design requirements.

Bonding Cable Leads

Bonding Cable Leads – Single v Concentric Leads

BONDING LEADS

Single Core Bonding Leads | Concentric Bonding Leads

An integral component of a Specially Bonded System is the use of bonding leads with the correct physical and electrical properties for high voltage power cable system earthing – 120sqmm, 240sqmm, 300sqmm and 500sqmm single core and concentric type leads are available for use with 132kV link box installations in buried or gantry mounted applications.

The bonding system is critical for improving and stabilising current carrying capacity of the power system – Engineering Recommendation C55/4 describes in detail the cable specification, system design and installation for HV bonding leads.

Thorne & Derrick supply both normal and concentric bonding leads with conductor sizes from 120sqmm-500sqmm compliant with the physical and electrical specification established in Engineering Recommendation C55/4.

Fire retardant sheaths can be manufactured for tunnel or substation basement applications.

Common size bonding leads are generally available from stock.

Single Bonding of High Voltage Cables – the simplest form of special earth bonding consists in arranging for the cable sheaths of the three HV cables to be connected and bonded at one single point along the circuit length without cable joints and typically comprising shorter cable circuits. At all other points, a voltage will appear from sheath to ground that will be a maximum at the most distant point from earth bond. The high voltage cable sheaths must be adequately insulated from the ground – since there is opened sheath circuit (except through the SVL) current does not normally flow longitudinally along the cable sheaths and no sheath circulating current loss in incurred.

Single Bonding - Bonding Leads

Single Bonding – Bonding Leads

Cross Bonding of High Voltage Cables – consists essentially in sectionalising the cable sheaths into minor sections and cross connecting them so as to approximately neutralise the total induced voltage in 3 consecutive sections as show below. Typically, the HV cables are sectionalised into 3 equal length sections and cross bonding is achieved within the link box.

Pictured: Typical layout of 132kV Joint Day design with location of link box pit and bonding cables positioned.

High Voltage Link Box

Cross Bonding - Bonding Leads

Cross Bonding – Bonding Leads

Link Boxes High Voltage

132kV Link Box National Grid

NATIONAL GRID TYPE REGISTRATION

The full range of EMELEC Link Boxes have completed the National Grid Type Registration process. The Registration covers wall-mounted and buried link box types, across the voltage range 132kV – 400kV and is supported by authoritative test data from the IPH GmbH high voltage laboratories.

Globally, cable manufacturers and utilities specify and install EMELEC link boxes – recognising the proven consistent quality, durability and suitability of the HV EHV link boxes.

Link boxes are a critical component in any high voltage underground cable system, either for direct earthing or through Sheath Voltage Limiters and their reliability is essential for fully efficient operation including human safety. In the event of a system fault the short circuit current goes directly to earth through the link box in a controlled manner.

Contact Thorne & Derrick with link box and bonding lead sales enquiries for National Grid, UK DNO and IDNO project requirements.

MV HV Cables 11kV 33kV

Cable Joints, Terminations & Connections | 3M | Pfisterer | Nexans Euromold

FURTHER READING

2023年10月24日 星期二

螺栓上的「10.9S」是指什麼

 https://tw.misumi-ec.com/vona2/detail/221000550645/?HissuCode=HXNK10-ST-M24-280

螺栓上的「10.9S」是指什麼?一半的高級工程師都不完全懂?

螺栓是機械設備中常用的通用標準件,根據最新的國家標準(等效採用ISO國際標準)通用螺栓的性能等級包含4.6/4.8/5.6/5.8/6.8/8.8/9.8/10.9/12.9等9個等級,也就是說根據新的標準3.6級螺栓已經淘汰了。

那麼性能等級的標記是什麼含義呢,螺栓性能等級代號由兩部分數字組成,兩部分數字由點號分割開來。

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點號左側的一位或兩位數字表示公稱抗拉強度的1/100,以MPa為單位。

點號右邊的數字表示公稱屈服強度與公稱抗拉強度的比值的10倍。

注意了,這裡說的都是公稱值,不是實際值啊,

那麼4.8級螺栓的抗拉強度公稱值是400MPa,可是最小值應該是420MPa,也就是在檢測中,螺栓的抗拉強度是不能低於420MPa,屈服強度的公稱值是320MPa,可是最小值是340MPa,如果是簡單的估算,利用公稱值是沒問題的,但是如果是螺栓性能檢測就不能以公稱值來斷定是否合格了。

下表是不同性能等級通用螺栓的抗拉強度和屈服強度的公稱值和最小值要求,可見大部分情況公稱值並不等於最小值。

除了由點號分隔開的兩個數字標識螺栓的性能等級外,還有可能用數字和字母組合標記螺栓的性能等級

那麼10.9S又有什麼特殊的含義呢?

10.9就是螺栓的性能等級,即公稱抗拉強度1000MPa,可是實際的最小抗拉強度不小於1040MPa。公稱屈服強度900MPa,最小屈服強度940MPa。

10.9S 中S是表示是鋼結構用,是鋼結構的英文縮寫,

你可以看看相關標準,鋼結構專用螺栓的螺栓頭比普通的螺栓的螺栓頭都要大。

普通六角頭螺栓的六角頭尺寸如下:

2023年10月16日 星期一

屋面避雷帶怎麼做

 https://kknews.cc/zh-tw/news/m9m3oop.html

屋面避雷帶怎麼做才規範?

屋面避雷帶是建築物上承受直接雷擊,並將強大的雷電流引入大地的一種接閃裝置,作為防雷工程的重要組成,其設計與施工至關重要。那麼,屋面避雷帶怎麼做才規範?本文總結以供大家參考交流。


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一

設計規範


1

規範依據


屋面避雷帶設計依據GB50057《建築物防雷設計規範》,第一、二、三類防雷建築物的防雷措施分別依據4.2、4.3、4.4條文規定執行。


第二類防雷建築物的高度超過45m的沿屋面周邊敷設的接閃帶應設在外牆外表面或屋檐邊垂直面上,也可設在外牆外表面或屋檐邊垂直面外,具體做法見下圖。



2

工藝要點


避雷帶支架在實際施工中用鍍鋅角鋼(L25*3)或鍍鋅扁鋼(-25×3)製作,可採用專用卡子或鋼絲繩夾做卡箍安裝。支架上的固定卡子上口不能與支架角鋼封閉。避雷帶應平正順直,固定點支持件間距均勻、固定可靠,每個支持件應能隨大於49N(5kg)的垂直拉力。


鍍鋅圓鋼避雷帶連接採用單Z字搭接(建議使用自製模具製作),搭接長度為圓鋼直徑的6倍,上下搭接。伸縮補償的半圓面垂直或平行於天面。直線段避雷帶支架間距應均分,間距控制在0.5-1.5m,一般宜確定為1m。


避雷帶應順直、高度一致,平直度每2m檢查段偏差不得大於3/1000。



3

注意事項


1)突出屋面的金屬管道符合GB50057《建築物防雷設計規範》的規定「沒有得到接閃器保護的屋頂孤立金屬物的尺寸沒有超過以下數值時可不要求附加的保護措施:高出屋頂平面不超過0.3m,上層表面總面積不超過1.0㎡和上層表面的長度不超過2.0m」的應與防雷裝置相連。詳見下圖保護區域描述。



特別情況下,符合GB50057《建築物防雷設計規範》中的金屬管道及附件需單獨設置接閃裝置。



2)符合GB50057《建築物防雷設計規範》的規定「不處在接閃器保護範圍內的非導電性屋頂物體,當它沒有突出由接閃器形成的平面0.5m以上時,可不要求附加增設接閃器的保護措施。」非金屬管道應單獨設置接閃器。



3)高層建築,一類建築超出30m,二類建築超出45m,三類建築超出60m,應做防側擊雷。



高層建築屋頂預防直擊雷宜沿屋頂周邊設避雷帶,其安裝位置略微突出屋頂外沿,如圖特殊情況處理(見圖集03D501-3P54)。



二

施工規範


屋面避雷帶施工依據GB50303《建築電氣工程施工質量驗收規範》:


避雷針、避雷帶應位置正確,焊接固定的焊縫飽滿無遺漏,螺栓固定的應備帽等防松零件齊全,焊接部分補刷的防腐油漆完整。


避雷帶應平正順直,固定點支持件間距均勻、固定可靠,每個支持件應能大於49N(5kg)的垂直拉力。當設計無要求時,支持件間距符合本水平直線部分0.5-1.5m;彎曲部分0.3-0.5m。


避雷帶引下線、支承架安裝應策劃設置在磁片縫或磁片中

避雷帶過伸縮縫時採用「Ω」彎


引下線刷綠/黃標識醒目,統一製作引下線標識牌


避雷帶定型化支承架


三

施工示例


本施工示例是碧桂園項目部基於工程實例,總結的避雷帶施工管控要點及工藝流程,以供施工指引,大家可參考實施。


1

避雷帶施工管控要點


1、嚴格按照防雷接地平面圖施工防雷接地引下線。

2、嚴格把控施工材料,材料滿足圖紙說明。

3、固定支架間距≤1000mm,轉角支架間距≤500mm,具體間距適當調整。

4、避雷帶(網)與引下線搭接長度滿足規範要求,焊接質量滿足要求。

5、避雷帶高出女兒牆或屋面完成面150-200mm。


2

避雷帶施工工藝流程


① 放線定位


1、彈線順直,無扭曲。

2、支架定位點間距均勻。

3、居中定位,開孔無崩塌。



② 支架安裝


1、定位準確,豎直無傾斜。

2、牢固無鬆動,高度一致。

3、間距均勻,水平間距不大1000mm,垂直間距不大於1500mm,轉彎處間距為300-500mm。



③ 避雷帶安裝


1、平正順直,美觀無扭曲。

2、距建築完成面高度一致,為150mm。

3、轉彎平滑,無尖銳菱角。



④ 引下點焊接


1、焊縫飽滿,無夾渣、咬肉、裂紋、氣孔等。

2、引下線與避雷帶搭接長度不小於6d(d鍍鋅圓鋼直徑),雙面施焊。

3、避雷帶與避雷帶搭接長度不小於6d(d鍍鋅圓鋼直徑),雙面施焊。


⑤ 焊接防鏽處理

1、刷防鏽漆前,焊渣藥皮處理乾淨;如有鏽蝕,除鏽至圓鋼原色。

2、油漆須為防鏽漆,顏色一般為銀色。

3、防鏽漆塗刷均勻,無遺漏。



3、常見質量通病

1、材料不符合要求,用螺紋鋼替代鍍鋅圓鋼。

2、避雷帶高度不一致,彎曲不順直。

3、支架間距不一致,轉彎處間距大於500mm。

4、轉彎處形成銳角,容易尖端放電。

5、避雷帶搭接長度不夠,單面施焊,焊縫不飽滿,存在虛焊。

6、鍍鋅圓鋼鏽蝕嚴重,未除鏽塗刷防鏽漆。


來源:建築工程魯班聯盟